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Zihao Ou; Yi-Shiou Duh; Nicholas J Rommelfanger; Carl HC Keck; Shan Jiang; Kenneth Brinson Jr; Su Zhao; Elizabeth L Schmidt; Xiang Wu; Fan Yang; Betty Cai; Han Cui; Wei Qi; Shifu Wu; Adarsh Tantry; Richard Roth; Jun Ding; Xiaoke Chen; Julia A Kaltschmidt; Mark L Brongersma; Guosong Hong
Achieving optical transparency in live animals with absorbing molecules Journal Article
In: Science, vol. 385, iss. 6713, pp. eadm6869, 2024.
@article{ou2024achieving,
title = {Achieving optical transparency in live animals with absorbing molecules},
author = {Zihao Ou and Yi-Shiou Duh and Nicholas J Rommelfanger and Carl HC Keck and Shan Jiang and Kenneth Brinson Jr and Su Zhao and Elizabeth L Schmidt and Xiang Wu and Fan Yang and Betty Cai and Han Cui and Wei Qi and Shifu Wu and Adarsh Tantry and Richard Roth and Jun Ding and Xiaoke Chen and Julia A Kaltschmidt and Mark L Brongersma and Guosong Hong},
doi = {10.1126/science.adm6869},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-06},
journal = {Science},
volume = {385},
issue = {6713},
pages = {eadm6869},
abstract = {Optical imaging plays a central role in biology and medicine but is hindered by light scattering in live tissue. We report the counterintuitive observation that strongly absorbing molecules can achieve optical transparency in live animals. We explored the physics behind this observation and found that when strongly absorbing molecules dissolve in water, they can modify the refractive index of the aqueous medium through the Kramers-Kronig relations to match that of high-index tissue components such as lipids. We have demonstrated that our straightforward approach can reversibly render a live mouse body transparent to allow visualization of a wide range of deep-seated structures and activities. This work suggests that the search for high-performance optical clearing agents should focus on strongly absorbing molecules.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Optical imaging plays a central role in biology and medicine but is hindered by light scattering in live tissue. We report the counterintuitive observation that strongly absorbing molecules can achieve optical transparency in live animals. We explored the physics behind this observation and found that when strongly absorbing molecules dissolve in water, they can modify the refractive index of the aqueous medium through the Kramers-Kronig relations to match that of high-index tissue components such as lipids. We have demonstrated that our straightforward approach can reversibly render a live mouse body transparent to allow visualization of a wide range of deep-seated structures and activities. This work suggests that the search for high-performance optical clearing agents should focus on strongly absorbing molecules.
Siddharth Doshi; Dominik Ludescher; Julian Karst; Moritz Floess; Johan Carlström; Bohan Li; Nofar Mintz Hemed; Yi-Shiou Duh; Nicholas A Melosh; Mario Hentschel; Mark Brongersma; Harald Giessen
Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT: PSS Journal Article
In: Nanophotonics, no. 0, 2024.
@article{doshi2024direct,
title = {Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT: PSS},
author = {Siddharth Doshi and Dominik Ludescher and Julian Karst and Moritz Floess and Johan Carlstr\"{o}m and Bohan Li and Nofar Mintz Hemed and Yi-Shiou Duh and Nicholas A Melosh and Mario Hentschel and Mark Brongersma and Harald Giessen},
doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2023-0640},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-04},
urldate = {2023-09-12},
journal = {Nanophotonics},
number = {0},
abstract = {The optical and electronic tunability of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has enabled emerging applications as diverse as bioelectronics, flexible electronics, and micro- and nano-photonics. High-resolution spatial patterning of PEDOT:PSS opens up opportunities for novel active devices in a range of fields. However, typical lithographic processes require tedious indirect patterning and dry etch processes, while solution-processing methods such as ink-jet printing have limited spatial resolution. Here, we report a method for direct write nano-patterning of commercially available PEDOT:PSS through electron-beam induced solubility modulation. The written structures are water stable and maintain the conductivity as well as electrochemical and optical properties of PEDOT:PSS, highlighting the broad utility of our method. We demonstrate the potential of our strategy by preparing prototypical nano-wire structures with feature sizes down to 250 nm, an order of magnitude finer than previously reported direct write methods, opening the possibility of writing chip-scale microelectronic and optical devices. We finally use the high-resolution writing capabilities to fabricate electrically-switchable optical diffraction gratings. We show active switching in this archetypal system with \>95 % contrast at CMOS-compatible voltages of +2 V and −3 V, offering a route towards highly-miniaturized dynamic optoelectronic devices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The optical and electronic tunability of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has enabled emerging applications as diverse as bioelectronics, flexible electronics, and micro- and nano-photonics. High-resolution spatial patterning of PEDOT:PSS opens up opportunities for novel active devices in a range of fields. However, typical lithographic processes require tedious indirect patterning and dry etch processes, while solution-processing methods such as ink-jet printing have limited spatial resolution. Here, we report a method for direct write nano-patterning of commercially available PEDOT:PSS through electron-beam induced solubility modulation. The written structures are water stable and maintain the conductivity as well as electrochemical and optical properties of PEDOT:PSS, highlighting the broad utility of our method. We demonstrate the potential of our strategy by preparing prototypical nano-wire structures with feature sizes down to 250 nm, an order of magnitude finer than previously reported direct write methods, opening the possibility of writing chip-scale microelectronic and optical devices. We finally use the high-resolution writing capabilities to fabricate electrically-switchable optical diffraction gratings. We show active switching in this archetypal system with >95 % contrast at CMOS-compatible voltages of +2 V and −3 V, offering a route towards highly-miniaturized dynamic optoelectronic devices.
