Recent news
Publications
Aaron L. Holsteen; Ahmet Fatih Cihan; Mark L. Brongersma
Temporal color mixing and dynamic beam shaping with silicon metasurfaces Journal Article
In: Science, vol. 365, no. 6450, pp. 257-260, 2019.
@article{holsteen2019temporal,
title = {Temporal color mixing and dynamic beam shaping with silicon metasurfaces},
author = {Aaron L. Holsteen and Ahmet Fatih Cihan and Mark L. Brongersma},
doi = {10.1126/science.aax5961},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-07-19},
journal = {Science},
volume = {365},
number = {6450},
pages = {257-260},
abstract = {Metasurfaces offer the possibility to shape optical wavefronts with an ultracompact, planar form factor. However, most metasurfaces are static, and their optical functions are fixed after the fabrication process. Many modern optical systems require dynamic manipulation of light, and this is now driving the development of electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces. We can realize metasurfaces with fast (\>105 hertz), electrically tunable pixels that offer complete (0- to 2π) phase control and large amplitude modulation of scattered waves through the microelectromechanical movement of silicon antenna arrays created in standard silicon-on-insulator technology. Our approach can be used to realize a platform technology that enables low-voltage operation of pixels for temporal color mixing and continuous, dynamic beam steering and light focusing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Metasurfaces offer the possibility to shape optical wavefronts with an ultracompact, planar form factor. However, most metasurfaces are static, and their optical functions are fixed after the fabrication process. Many modern optical systems require dynamic manipulation of light, and this is now driving the development of electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces. We can realize metasurfaces with fast (>105 hertz), electrically tunable pixels that offer complete (0- to 2π) phase control and large amplitude modulation of scattered waves through the microelectromechanical movement of silicon antenna arrays created in standard silicon-on-insulator technology. Our approach can be used to realize a platform technology that enables low-voltage operation of pixels for temporal color mixing and continuous, dynamic beam steering and light focusing.
Aaron L. Holsteen; Dianmin Lin; Isaac Kauvar; Gordon Wetzstein; Mark L. Brongersma
A Light-Field Metasurface for High-Resolution Single-Particle Tracking Journal Article
In: Nano Lett., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2267–2271, 2019.
@article{holsteen2019light,
title = {A Light-Field Metasurface for High-Resolution Single-Particle Tracking},
author = {Aaron L. Holsteen and Dianmin Lin and Isaac Kauvar and Gordon Wetzstein and Mark L. Brongersma},
doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04673},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-03-22},
journal = {Nano Lett.},
volume = {19},
number = {4},
pages = { 2267\textendash2271},
abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking (SPT) is a key tool for studying dynamic processes in the life sciences. However, conventional optical elements utilizing light fields impose an inherent trade-off between lateral and axial resolution, preventing SPT with high spatiotemporal resolution across an extended volume. We overcome the typical loss in spatial resolution that accompanies light-field-based approaches to obtain 3D information by placing a standard microscope coverslip patterned with a multifunctional, light-field metasurface on a specimen. This approach enables an otherwise unmodified microscope to gather 3D information at an enhanced spatial resolution. We demonstrate simultaneous tracking of multiple fluorescent particles within a large 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.3 mm3 volume using a standard epi-fluorescent microscope with submicron lateral and micron-level axial resolution.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking (SPT) is a key tool for studying dynamic processes in the life sciences. However, conventional optical elements utilizing light fields impose an inherent trade-off between lateral and axial resolution, preventing SPT with high spatiotemporal resolution across an extended volume. We overcome the typical loss in spatial resolution that accompanies light-field-based approaches to obtain 3D information by placing a standard microscope coverslip patterned with a multifunctional, light-field metasurface on a specimen. This approach enables an otherwise unmodified microscope to gather 3D information at an enhanced spatial resolution. We demonstrate simultaneous tracking of multiple fluorescent particles within a large 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.3 mm3 volume using a standard epi-fluorescent microscope with submicron lateral and micron-level axial resolution.
Dianmin Lin; Aaron L. Holsteen; Elhanan Maguid; Pengyu Fan; Pieter G. Kik; Erez Hasman; Mark L. Brongersma
Polarization-independent metasurface lens employing the Pancharatnam-Berry phase Journal Article
In: Optics Express, vol. 26, no. 19, pp. 24835-24842, 2018.
@article{lin2018polarization,
title = {Polarization-independent metasurface lens employing the Pancharatnam-Berry phase},
author = {Dianmin Lin and Aaron L. Holsteen and Elhanan Maguid and Pengyu Fan and Pieter G. Kik and Erez Hasman and Mark L. Brongersma},
doi = {10.1364/OE.26.024835},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-17},
journal = {Optics Express},
volume = {26},
number = {19},
pages = { 24835-24842},
abstract = {Metasurface optical elements, optical phased arrays constructed from a dense arrangement of nanoscale antennas, are promising candidates for the next generation of flat optical components. Metasurfaces that rely on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase facilitate complete and efficient wavefront control. However, their operation typically requires control over the polarization state of the incident light to achieve a desired optical function. Here, we circumvent this inherent sensitivity to the incident polarization by multiplexing two metasurfaces that were designed to achieve the same optical function with incident light of opposite helicity. We analyze the optical performance of different multiplexing approaches, and demonstrate a subwavelength random interleaved polarization-independent metasurface lens operating in the visible spectrum, providing a diffraction-limited spot size for the shared-aperture.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Metasurface optical elements, optical phased arrays constructed from a dense arrangement of nanoscale antennas, are promising candidates for the next generation of flat optical components. Metasurfaces that rely on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase facilitate complete and efficient wavefront control. However, their operation typically requires control over the polarization state of the incident light to achieve a desired optical function. Here, we circumvent this inherent sensitivity to the incident polarization by multiplexing two metasurfaces that were designed to achieve the same optical function with incident light of opposite helicity. We analyze the optical performance of different multiplexing approaches, and demonstrate a subwavelength random interleaved polarization-independent metasurface lens operating in the visible spectrum, providing a diffraction-limited spot size for the shared-aperture.
Aaron L. Holsteen; Søren Raza; Pengyu Fan; Pieter G. Kik; Mark L. Brongersma
Purcell effect for active tuning of light scattering from semiconductor optical antennas Journal Article
In: Science, vol. 358, no. 6369, pp. 1407-1410, 2017.
@article{holsteen2017purcell,
title = {Purcell effect for active tuning of light scattering from semiconductor optical antennas},
author = {Aaron L. Holsteen and S\oren Raza and Pengyu Fan and Pieter G. Kik and Mark L. Brongersma},
doi = {10.1126/science.aao5371},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-15},
journal = {Science},
volume = {358},
number = {6369},
pages = {1407-1410},
abstract = {Subwavelength, high\textendashrefractive index semiconductor nanostructures support optical resonances that endow them with valuable antenna functions. Control over the intrinsic properties, including their complex refractive index, size, and geometry, has been used to manipulate fundamental light absorption, scattering, and emission processes in nanostructured optoelectronic devices. In this study, we harness the electric and magnetic resonances of such antennas to achieve a very strong dependence of the optical properties on the external environment. Specifically, we illustrate how the resonant scattering wavelength of single silicon nanowires is tunable across the entire visible spectrum by simply moving the height of the nanowires above a metallic mirror. We apply this concept by using a nanoelectromechanical platform to demonstrate active tuning.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Subwavelength, high–refractive index semiconductor nanostructures support optical resonances that endow them with valuable antenna functions. Control over the intrinsic properties, including their complex refractive index, size, and geometry, has been used to manipulate fundamental light absorption, scattering, and emission processes in nanostructured optoelectronic devices. In this study, we harness the electric and magnetic resonances of such antennas to achieve a very strong dependence of the optical properties on the external environment. Specifically, we illustrate how the resonant scattering wavelength of single silicon nanowires is tunable across the entire visible spectrum by simply moving the height of the nanowires above a metallic mirror. We apply this concept by using a nanoelectromechanical platform to demonstrate active tuning.
Dianmin Lin; Aaron L. Holsteen; Elhanan Maguid; Gordon Wetzstein; Pieter G. Kik; Erez Hasman; Mark L. Brongersma
Photonic multitasking interleaved Si nanoantenna phased array Journal Article
In: Nano Lett., vol. 16, pp. 7671, 2016.
@article{Lin:2016,
title = {Photonic multitasking interleaved Si nanoantenna phased array},
author = {Dianmin Lin and Aaron L. Holsteen and Elhanan Maguid and Gordon Wetzstein and Pieter G. Kik and Erez Hasman and Mark L. Brongersma},
doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03505},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-18},
journal = {Nano Lett.},
volume = {16},
pages = {7671},
abstract = {Metasurfaces provide unprecedented control over light propagation by imparting local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. They can improve the performance of conventional optical elements and facilitate the creation of optical components with new functionalities and form factors. Here, we build on knowledge from shared aperture phased array antennas and Si-based gradient metasurfaces to realize various multifunctional metasurfaces capable of achieving multiple distinct functions within a single surface region. As a key point, we demonstrate that interleaving multiple optical elements can be accomplished without reducing the aperture of each subelement. Multifunctional optical elements constructed from Si-based gradient metasurface are realized, including axial and lateral multifocus geometric phase metasurface lenses. We further demonstrate multiwavelength color imaging with a high spatial resolution. Finally, optical imaging functionality with simultaneous color separation has been obtained by using multifunctional metasurfaces, which opens up new opportunities for the field of advanced imaging and display.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Metasurfaces provide unprecedented control over light propagation by imparting local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. They can improve the performance of conventional optical elements and facilitate the creation of optical components with new functionalities and form factors. Here, we build on knowledge from shared aperture phased array antennas and Si-based gradient metasurfaces to realize various multifunctional metasurfaces capable of achieving multiple distinct functions within a single surface region. As a key point, we demonstrate that interleaving multiple optical elements can be accomplished without reducing the aperture of each subelement. Multifunctional optical elements constructed from Si-based gradient metasurface are realized, including axial and lateral multifocus geometric phase metasurface lenses. We further demonstrate multiwavelength color imaging with a high spatial resolution. Finally, optical imaging functionality with simultaneous color separation has been obtained by using multifunctional metasurfaces, which opens up new opportunities for the field of advanced imaging and display.
Neil A. Krueger; Aaron L. Holsteen; Seung-Kyun Kang; Christian R. Ocier; Weijun Zhou; Glennys Mensing; John A. Rogers; Mark L. Brongersma; Paul V. Braun
Porous silicon gradient refractive index micro-optics Journal Article
In: Nano Lett., vol. 16, no. 12, 2016.
@article{Krueger:2016,
title = {Porous silicon gradient refractive index micro-optics},
author = {Neil A. Krueger and Aaron L. Holsteen and Seung-Kyun Kang and Christian R. Ocier and Weijun Zhou and Glennys Mensing and John A. Rogers and Mark L. Brongersma and Paul V. Braun},
doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02939},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-10-31},
journal = {Nano Lett.},
volume = {16},
number = {12},
abstract = {The emergence and growth of transformation optics over the past decade has revitalized interest in how a gradient refractive index (GRIN) can be used to control light propagation. Two-dimensional demonstrations with lithographically defined silicon (Si) have displayed the power of GRIN optics and also represent a promising opportunity for integrating compact optical elements within Si photonic integrated circuits. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional Si-based GRIN micro-optics through the shape-defined formation of porous Si (PSi). Conventional microfabrication creates Si square microcolumns (SMCs) that can be electrochemically etched into PSi elements with nanoscale porosity along the shape-defined etching pathway, which imparts the geometry with structural birefringence. Free-space characterization of the transmitted intensity distribution through a homogeneously etched PSi SMC exhibits polarization splitting behavior resembling that of dielectric metasurfaces that require considerably more laborious fabrication. Coupled birefringence/GRIN effects are studied by way of PSi SMCs etched with a linear (increasing from edge to center) GRIN profile. The transmitted intensity distribution shows polarization-selective focusing behavior with one polarization focused to a diffraction-limited spot and the orthogonal polarization focused into two laterally displaced foci. Optical thickness-based analysis readily predicts the experimentally observed phenomena, which strongly match finite-element electromagnetic simulations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The emergence and growth of transformation optics over the past decade has revitalized interest in how a gradient refractive index (GRIN) can be used to control light propagation. Two-dimensional demonstrations with lithographically defined silicon (Si) have displayed the power of GRIN optics and also represent a promising opportunity for integrating compact optical elements within Si photonic integrated circuits. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional Si-based GRIN micro-optics through the shape-defined formation of porous Si (PSi). Conventional microfabrication creates Si square microcolumns (SMCs) that can be electrochemically etched into PSi elements with nanoscale porosity along the shape-defined etching pathway, which imparts the geometry with structural birefringence. Free-space characterization of the transmitted intensity distribution through a homogeneously etched PSi SMC exhibits polarization splitting behavior resembling that of dielectric metasurfaces that require considerably more laborious fabrication. Coupled birefringence/GRIN effects are studied by way of PSi SMCs etched with a linear (increasing from edge to center) GRIN profile. The transmitted intensity distribution shows polarization-selective focusing behavior with one polarization focused to a diffraction-limited spot and the orthogonal polarization focused into two laterally displaced foci. Optical thickness-based analysis readily predicts the experimentally observed phenomena, which strongly match finite-element electromagnetic simulations.
